Biometric Identification Of Persons

Algorithms used for the identification and verification of individuals through fingerprint recognition technology have long been extensively used in Forensic Science and in the private sector. This work is concerned with the verification of the reliability of biometric systems that use fingerprints for their activities. Further, the eFinger programme is used to study similarities between men, women ́s and family members ́ fingerprints. INTRODUCTION Biometrics has been used since ancient times to recognise/distinguish people. People mutually recognised each other by voice, face or the way they walked. Some characteristics do not change during human life; while others, on the contrary continue to be shaped with increasing age [1]. Differentiating people by their fingerprints is one of the oldest Biometric recognition methods. From the earliest times, this method was used by a lot of civilisations that had some form of knowledge of papillary lines, which are included on human skin. The first provable evidence of the use of modern Biometrics however, dates back to somewhere around the mid-19th Century. This was when fingerprints began to be used in Criminology. William James Herschel was one of the first people to take advantage of Biometrics then. He used railway employees ́ fingerprints to confirm their identity. Using fingerprints was the only possible way to prove the identity of individual workers, because the majority of them could neither read nor write and therefore, one could not expect a signature from them. This fingerprint confirmed their identity when being paid their salary. In 1865, Francis Galton came out with a “Study of the Inheritance of Physical Characteristics.” The study dealt with the issue that newly-born babies take over and inherit some characteristics/properties from their parents. These characteristics can include both physical characteristics, as well as some properties such as, behaviour or conduct. In 1869, Galton became cofounder of the science called Eugenics, which is the Science of Hereditary Diseases and Defects in the Foetus. A year later, Galton became the founder of research into twins. In 1880, he came up with a branch of science called Anthropometry, which deals with the measurement of human body dimensions. In 1892, Galton published his work entitled "Fingerprints", which led to the introduction of fingerprinting into practice in 1900. In the same year, Galton advocated the use of fingerprinting for identification and verification purposes. He demonstrated the permanence and uniqueness, of papillary lines on the fingers. After this, fingerprinting/Dactyloscopy was introduced into police work [1]. BIOMETRICS In Biometrics, several terms exist that are (also) used in Security Technologies. These include identity, identification, authentication, authorisation, verification, and recognition/recognisance. The term Biometrics, is a combination of two words the word “bio” = life, and “metric” = measurement. Overall then, Biometrics can be seen as a science that deals with the measurement and examination of “live” human characteristics [1] [2]. The notion of identity is derived from the word “idem” the same. This term is used when for instance, comparing an object, situation, concept, and such like. One can divide “Identity” into two types; namely, “electronic identity” and “physical identity”. One can have several “Electronic Identities” at the same time – e.g. an identity registered on a Web-site. Conversely, (with regard to) “Physical Identity”, we each have only one, which is unique. Two people, who should have/share the same physical identity, do not exist. It composed of physiological, anatomical and behavioural traits [2][3]. Identification represents the process of discovering and identifying the validity of individuals. To begin with, the person must register such that it passes-on one ́s biometric data into the system, which is stored in a database. In the course of determining the identity of a person, a comparison of the information stored in the database (template) and the currently-scanned information (sample) is carried out. This comparison process for as long as it needs to find compliance with data in the database. The output is either finding the identity ... and authorisation to enter; or to refuse entry because there was no consensus in the data. Proceedings 31st European Conference on Modelling and Simulation ©ECMS Zita Zoltay Paprika, Péter Horák, Kata Váradi, Péter Tamás Zwierczyk, Ágnes Vidovics-Dancs, János Péter Rádics (Editors) ISBN: 978-0-9932440-4-9/ ISBN: 978-0-9932440-5-6 (CD) BIOMETRI For Biometri be divided i These inclu leg/foot/feet, purposes, on the table belo